放眼網絡,凡是言及黃萬裡博士論文的書籍及網絡文章,幾乎都是以訛傳訛地介紹了論文的題目。劉國緯先生《紀念黃萬裡先生》中介紹的黃萬裡先生博士論文英文題目是正確的(即:THE ANALYSIS OF THE RAINFALL- RUNOFF CORRELATION。此論文的中文含義為“降雨—徑流的相關分析”。
在博士論文的第42頁,黃萬裡很有信心地稱為瞬時過程線理論:“the theory of instantaneous hydrograph”。現在看來,未必與納什瞬時單位線有類似的數學表達,但黃先生的數學表達應當也是有其道理與合理性的。黃先生除了自己稱作瞬時過程線理論外,還使用了“另一方面,這個理論對水文科學及相關學科提供了重要的貢獻”。
黃萬裡先生的《洪流估算》第237頁提及了1930年波士頓報告,並提及1932年謝爾曼單位線。芮孝芳先生2019年發表的《工程水文學在中國的發展》提及“1930 年美國波士頓土木工程協會建立了瞬時單位線概念”,但參考文獻僅是間接引用自周文德的Handbook of Applied Hydrology。周文德的這本書,我們學校圖書館有,我不久前查閱過。
This paper points out the necesity of houring hydrographs rather than merely maximum and minimum streamflows for engineering areas. In most streamflow obbservations available extend over a comparatively few years. there is an urgent need for an accurate method of computing hydrographs from rainfall and other physical data.
The proposed therories and methods herewith presened are based upon the fundamentals of the scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Time and space, the basic variables of any natural phenomenon in motion have been full considered. The underlying principle is to detect all physical characteristics pertaining to a drainage area that are imposible to be obtained by measurements from the hydrograph itself. Any irregular feature of an observed hydrograph is to be explainde with reasons. The usual method of computing the several kinds of water loses such an evaporation, transpirations,etc., to obtain the net runoff has been entirely abandoned in the present research. Part I treats of the introductory contents of these mold principles woout the theories and methods followed.
In Part II, the proposed theory of instananeous hydrograph in presented from which time contours can be determined in the gap. Fith the time contour knwn. ^22 drainage with characteristics are completedly revealed. Besides, hydrograph can be reproduced even from non-uniform rainfalls. There are several other useful methods presented in this part. The ordinarily used unit-graph method is also criticised. However, all methods given in this part are based upon three assumptions: (1)There is no water lost throughout its trip to the measuring point so that all rainwater is drained from the surface of the basins; (2)The ground conditions are invaribles with the rising of river stages so that the instantaneous hydrograph is constant; and (3) A uniform rainfall covers the entire drainage area when used for analysis.
Part III: "The puts of water losses." takes into acount the assumption (1) in Part II. A method of determing the account of water losses by means of the "differential hydrograph" is proposed.
Part IV: "An Exact Analysis." takes into account the remaining two assumptions in Part II. Thereby, the theoretical part of the methods have been completed.
In Part V: "Problem Involving Channel ctouruges." a method of eliminating the effect of channel storage is proposed, and orfilosms are gives to Norton's method. A method of finding the ground water depletion ourre and another method of oeparating reaaaion curves are also presented. There methods are useful in the natural solution of problems.
In Part VI, the details of solution are presented with an illustrative example. It describe the procedure to be followed in the analysis and sythesis of hydrographs. The rrest reach of Salt Fork Basin at Urbana, illinois has been chosen for illustration. The results have met the tests of theories and methods established by the writer.
The second method of plotting the function of Q e (i.x) by assigning consecutive values of t instead of xj suggests the writer a different methood of solution. Consider a superimposing rainful with known isohyetal at the loot an instan dt. and find the resuting hydrograph due to this intantaneous rainfull.(值得注意:這可能是"intantaneous"(瞬時)”一詞在論文中第一次出現。但黃先生既未提這個概念是自己首用,也未引用任何文獻。因為這個瞬時降雨概念很重要,據稱此前已出現於波士頓土木協會的著名報告之 中。該頁頁底引用了 Horton, R. E. (1935), Surface Runoff Phenomena, Part 1. Analysis of the Hydrograph, Horton Hydrological Laboratory Publication 101, Edwards Bros. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.
An instantaneous hydrograph is one due to an instaneous rainfall falling over the drainage area above the section of river where the discharge measurements are made. Interpreted mathe matically, an instantaneous rainfall means that its duration approaches zero as a limit.
Consider a uniform rainfall of unit intensity, say, one inch per day, covering the entire drainges area and falling in an infinitesimal time. dt. assume that there is no water lost throughout its trip to the outlet so that all rainwater is drained from the surface of the watershed. consequently, the rute of rainfall excess is equal to the intensity of rainfall. Following such an instantaneous rainfall, the hydrograph representing the flow in the main stream channel shows the run-off increasing to a maximum value and then subuilding to the value it had before the storm. In Fig.1. O M M represents such a graph. OM - too is the instantaneous flood period or the time of concentration of flow from the remotent point of the basic to the assuring point. tpo is the time thant alupess until the peak flow is reached.
The theory of instantaneous hydrograph provides that the shape of the graph when developed is entirely definite for the particular watershed concerned. Independent of the intensity, duration and frequency of any storm that might occur over the...